CURRENT CONCEPTS OF NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS IN NEWBORNS: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
Keywords:
necrotizing enterocolitis, newborns, preterm infants, pathogenesisAbstract
Objective: To systematize current knowledge on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and nutritional support of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns based on an analysis of domestic and international literature sources. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe, multifactorial disease that predominantly affects preterm neonates and is characterized by inflammatory and necrotic damage to the intestine, with a high risk of complications and mortality. The pathogenesis involves several key mechanisms, including intestinal ischemia, alterations in the gut microbiota, immune activation, and functional immaturity of the intestinal barrier. The clinical presentation varies widely, ranging from nonspecific symptoms to severe forms with intestinal perforation and sepsis. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, and instrumental findings, commonly using the Bell staging classification. Management includes cessation of enteral feeding, antibiotic therapy, parenteral nutritional support, and surgical intervention in complicated cases. Preventive strategies play a crucial role, particularly the use of breast milk and probiotics.
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