KHAMSA-WRITING IN THE TIMURID ERA
Keywords:
Timurid era, Khamsa-writing, Nizami Ganjavi, nazira (poetic response), epic poem, Herat literary milieu, literary tradition, Jamali, Ashraf Maraghi, Abdullah Hatifi, bilingualism (zullisonayn), literary influence.Abstract
This article deeply explores the tradition of Khamsa-writing that flourished in the literary environment of the Timurid era, the works created in response to the poems of Nizami Ganjavi, a prominent representative of classical Oriental literature, and their unique artistic and aesthetic features. Furthermore, it comprehensively reveals the poetic responses (naziras) to the poems of the Khamsa written by poets of the 15th–16th centuries such as Jamali, Ashraf Maraghi, and Abdullah Hatifi, along with their core essence and the principles of deviating from traditional imagery. Through the analysis of scholarly sources and tazkiras (biographical anthologies), the study examines the role of the Herat literary milieu, the bilingual (zullisonayn) environment, and the stages of development of Khamsa-writing during the Timurid period, highlighting important facets of the literary process of that era.
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