LOW INDICATION OF PAPP-A AND AFP MARKERS, HIGH INDICATION OF β-hCG MARKER AS PREDICTORS OF CONGENITAL SOMATIC AND NEUROLOGICAL ANOMALIES
Keywords:
Congenital malformations; PAPP-a; AFP; β-hCG; delayed fetal development; preeclampsia; chromosomal aberrationAbstract
Currently, the number of congenital diseases is increasing significantly. In order to prevent and treat the next generation of these congenital diseases, congenital disease markers play an important role as predictors. For example, abberant concentrations of PAPP-a, AFP and hCG are one of the most important predictors of congenital diseases. Therefore, we decided to explain in detail the etiology and mechanism of how a pathological change in the concentration of these markers can cause congenital diseases. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) is a key regulator of the bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor, essential for normal fetal development. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a plasma protein produced by the embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver. AFP levels in serum, amniotic fluid and urine serve as a screening test for birth defects, chromosomal abnormalities. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone produced predominantly by placental syncytiotrophoblastic cells during pregnancy. Measuring hCG levels can be helpful in detecting normal pregnancies, abnormal pregnancies, and can also be helpful after aborted pregnancies.
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