MODERN CONCEPTS OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Keywords:
chronic generalized periodontitis, etiopathogenesis, biofilm, inflammation, microcirculation, bone resorption, cytokinesAbstract
This review summarizes contemporary scientific evidence on the etiopathogenesis and clinical features of chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP). Chronic periodontitis is described as a multifactorial immunoinflammatory disorder resulting from the interaction between pathogenic anaerobic biofilms and a dysregulated host response. Key pathogenic mechanisms include microbial dysbiosis, activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, microcirculatory impairment, and imbalance of bone remodeling.
Clinical manifestations such as gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket formation, attachment loss, alveolar bone resorption, and tooth mobility reflect progressive structural and functional deterioration. Numerous studies highlight the roles of systemic conditions (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease), behavioral habits (smoking, poor oral hygiene, stress), and anatomical factors in modifying disease severity. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy and developing comprehensive treatment strategies aimed at halting progression and preserving periodontal stability.
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