POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN THE KOKAND KHANATE AFTER 1853 AND THE RISE TO POWER OF MALLAKHON

Abstract

This article analyzes the political events in the Kokand Khanate after 1853, the movement of the Kipchaks in the political arena, the entry of the Russian Empire into Central Asia and the rise of Mallakhon to the khanate throne and his assassination based on sources.

It also covers the critical aspects of Khudoyor Khan's reign, conflicts at the palace, conflicts between the Kipchaks and other noble groups, and how these factors increased political instability in the khanate. It also shows how the internal intrigues that intensified since 1853, the weakness of territorial administration, injustice in tax policy, and popular discontent created the conditions for Malla Khan's emergence into the political arena. The topic specifically examines Malla Khan's lineage, his kinship ties with Khudoyor Khan, the military-political strategy he used in the struggle for the throne, and the methods of strengthening his base within the army and among the Kipchak nobility. The study analyzes the military campaign against Khudoyor Khan in 1858, the seizure of the Kokand throne, Malla Khan's proclamation as khan, and his brief but drastic attempts at political reforms, including the restoration of the position of the Kipchaks, strengthening military discipline, and revising tax policy. At the same time, the relations with the Russian Empire during Malla Khan's reign, military conflicts in the border regions, the tension that arose in the khan's foreign policy, and the impact of these factors on the strengthening of internal political opposition are shown. Malla Khan's intensification of punitive measures in the fight against political opponents, the introduction of heavy duties and taxes, and as a result, conspiracies against him within the palace and army elites, the overthrow and assassination of the khan are covered on a chronological basis. At the end of the work, the role of the Malla Khan era in the political history of the Kokand Khanate, the role of his rise to power and fall in the processes of the khanate's crisis and loss of independence will be assessed based on scientific conclusions.