ТОЛЕДО МАКТАБИНИНГ ТАРИХИЙ ИЛДИЗЛАРИ
##article.subject##:
Толедо, таржима мактаби, ижтимоий-сиёсий омиллар, Қуртоба, кутубхона, Абдураҳмон III, ал-Ҳакам II, ал-Маъмун, Алфонсо VI##article.abstract##
Мақолада қадимги даврлардан то XII асрга қадар, яъни Рим империяси (мил. авв. 193 – мил. 411), аланлар давлати (411–469), Вестгот қироллиги (469–712), Араб халифалиги (712–756), Қуртоба амирлиги ва халифалиги (756–929–1031) ҳамда Толедо амирлиги (1031–1085) таркибида бўлган вақтда Толедо шаҳрида юз берган сиёсий, ижтимоий ва маданий жараёнлар таҳлил қилиниб, Толедо мактабнинг шаклланишига асос бўлган айрим омиллар ёритиб берилган. Бунда, муаллиф VIIΙ–ΧΙΙ асрларда Пиреней ярим оролида юз берган Шарқ ва Ғарб маданиятининг ўзаро қоришув даври мактабнинг шаклланишида бош тарихий омил бўлганлигини асослашга ҳаракат қилган.
Библиографические ссылки
Haskins C. H. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. – Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957. – 437 p.
Alverny M-T d’. Translations and translators // Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century. – Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. – P. 421–462; Gil J. The Translators of the Period of Don Raimundo: Their Personalities and Translations (1125–1187) // Rencontres de cultures dans la philosophie medievale. Traductions et traducteurs de Antiquite tardive au XIVe siecle. – Louvain-la-Neuve, 1990. – P. 109–119; Hayyek S. Escuela de Traductores. Toledo despensa cultural de Occidente // Islam Español. 1990. – P. 219–220; Burnett C. The Institutional Context of Arabic – Latin Translations of the Middle Ages: A Reassessment of the School of Toledo // Vocabulary of Teaching and Research between the Middle Ages and Renaissance. / Ed. by O. Weijers. – Turnhout: Brepols, 1995. – P. 214–235; Lomba J. La llamada Escuela de Traductores de Toledo. – Madrid: Los Berrocales Del Jarama, 1997. – 85 p.; Henelde Abecasis R. Escuela de Traductores de Toledo Pasado y presente // Raíces, Revista judía de cultura. 1998. – Vol. 35. – P. 28–41; Gargagliati M. La historia de la escuela de traductores de Toledo // Quaderns. 1999. – Vol. 4. – P. 9–13; Robinson M. The History and Myths surrounding Johannes Hispalensis // Bulletin of Hispanic Studies October. 2003. – Vol. 80. (4). – P. 443–470; Fidora A. La Escuela de Traductores // La Catedral Primada de Toledo, dieciocho siglos de Historia. 2010. – P. 480–483.
Мюллер А. История Ислама. – Т. 4. – Санкт-Петербург: Издание Л. Ф. Пантелъева, 1896. – 281 с.; Крачковcкий И. Ю. Арабская культура в Испании. – Москва: Изд. АН СССР, 1937. – 31 с.; Lêvi-Provençal Е. La civilisation Arabe en Espagne. – Paris, 1961. – 95 p.; Watt W.M. The influence of Islam on medieval Europe. Islamic Surveys 9. – Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972. – 128 p.
Carmody F.J. Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin Translation: A Critical Bibliography. – Berkeley: California University Press, 1956. – 193 p.; Haskins C.H. Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science. – New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1967. – 411 p.; Thorndike L.A. History of magic and experimental Science. – New York: Columbia University Press, 1964. – 835 p.; Grant E. A Source Book in Medieval Science. – Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974. – 587 p.
Махмудов О.В. Феномен Толедской школы и три этапа переводов. Евразийский Союз Ученых. 2017; (12-1 (45)): 5–9; Махмудов О.В. Феномен Толедской школы и четыре этапа переводов. Всеобщая история. 2017; (3): 14–21; Makhmudov O.V. The Toledo School – early center of investigation of the works Central Asian scholars in the Europe. – Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017. – 196 p. ISBN: 978-3-330-33405-2.; Makhmudov O.V. Some reasons about employees of the translator Domingo Gundisalvo in Toledo School // Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2017; (1-2): 3-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJH-17-1.2-3-7; Makhmudov O.V. Translations carried out in the Spanish translation centers (On basis of the works of scientists of antiquity and Muslim East). Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR). 2017; (6-2): 5–20; Makhmudov O. Latin translations of the works Abū Bakr ar-Rāzī and their values in development of the modern sciences. History, Problems and Prospects of Development of Modern Civilization. 2017; (18): 534–538; Makhmudov O. The Toledo School – Early center of translation in Medieval Europe. European Researcher. Series A. 2020; (11-3): 150–158. DOI: 10.13187/er.2020.3.159; Makhmudov O. The role of the Toledo as a center for the transfer of scientific knowledge of medieval Eastern scientists to Europe. Eurasian Union of Scientists. 2020; 6-8 (75): 13–16. DOI: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2020.8.75.890; Mahmudov O. The beginning of the European renaissance. ERPA International Journal of Research and Development. 2020; 5 (7): 104-108.DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra. 4787 Маҳмудов О. Толедо мактаби – афсона ёки ҳақиқат: Ҳ.Ц.Сантойо ва А.Калашниковга раддиялар. Взгляд в прошлое. 2021; 4 (4): 38-48 http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-4-5; Makhmudov O. Changing trends and backlashes in science (A look at the yellow press in science from Fergana). Research support center conferences. 2021; (18.05): https://doi. org/10.47100/conferences. v1i1.1424.
Испанские средневековые хроники: Хроника Карденьи I. Хроника Карденьи II. Анналы Толедо I. Анналы Толедо II. Анналы Толедо III. / Под ред. А. Скромницкого. – Киев: BlokNOT, 2011. – C. 6.
Ливий Тит. История Рима от основания города. – Москва: Ладомир, 2002. –C. 708.
Payo J. C. This is Toledo. History, Monuments, Legends. – Toledo: Artes Graficas Toledo S.A., 2002. – P. 24.
Nirenberg D. The Visigothic Conversion to Catholicism // Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources. – Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. – P. 13–35.
Collins R. Visigothic Spain, 409–711. – Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. – P 54.
Collins R. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797. – Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1998. – P. 10.
Collins R. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797. – Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1998. – P. 12.
Watt W.M. The influence of Islam on medieval Europe. (Islamic Surveys 9). – Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972. – P. 32.
Крачковский И. Ю. Арабская культура в Испании. – Москва: Изд. АН СССР, 1937. – C. 23. (Krachkovsky I. Yu. Arab culture in Spain. - Moscow: Publishing house. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1937. - P. 24.)
Мюллер А. История Ислама. – Т. 4. – Санкт-Петербург: Издание Л. Ф. Пантелъева, 1896. – C. 115 (Mueller A. History of Islam. - T. 4. - St. Petersburg: Edition of L. F. Pantelyev, 1896. - P. 115).
Крачковский И. Ю. Арабская культура в Испании. – Москва: Изд. АН СССР, 1937. – C. 24 (Krachkovsky I. Yu. Arab culture in Spain. - Moscow: Publishing house. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1937. - P. 24.)
